Motywacja:
Źródło:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/cheat_sheet_py3.html
SOLID https://github.com/heykarimoff/solid.python
Dodatkowe moduły:
pip install --upgrade autopep8
autopep8 --in-place --aggressive --aggressive <filename>python -m pip install flake8
flake8 <filename>python3 -m pip install mypy
mypy --strict <filename># This is how you declare the type of a variable
age: int = 1
# You don't need to initialize a variable to annotate it
a: int # Ok (no value at runtime until assigned)
# Doing so is useful in conditional branches
child: bool
if age < 18:
child = True
else:
child = False# For most types, just use the name of the type
x: int = 1
x: float = 1.0
x: bool = True
x: str = "test"
x: bytes = b"test"
# For collections on Python 3.9+, the type of the collection item is in brackets
x: list[int] = [1]
x: set[int] = {6, 7}
# For mappings, we need the types of both keys and values
x: dict[str, float] = {"field": 2.0} # Python 3.9+
# For tuples of fixed size, we specify the types of all the elements
x: tuple[int, str, float] = (3, "yes", 7.5) # Python 3.9+
# For tuples of variable size, we use one type and ellipsis
x: tuple[int, ...] = (1, 2, 3) # Python 3.9+
# On Python 3.8 and earlier, the name of the collection type is
# capitalized, and the type is imported from the 'typing' module
from typing import List, Set, Dict, Tuple
x: List[int] = [1]
x: Set[int] = {6, 7}
x: Dict[str, float] = {"field": 2.0}
x: Tuple[int, str, float] = (3, "yes", 7.5)
x: Tuple[int, ...] = (1, 2, 3)
from typing import Union, Optional
# On Python 3.10+, use the | operator when something could be one of a few types
x: list[int | str] = [3, 5, "test", "fun"] # Python 3.10+
# On earlier versions, use Union
x: list[Union[int, str]] = [3, 5, "test", "fun"]
# Use Optional[X] for a value that could be None
# Optional[X] is the same as X | None or Union[X, None]
x: Optional[str] = "something" if 3<4 else None
# Mypy understands a value can't be None in an if-statement
if x is not None:
print(x.upper())
# If a value can never be None due to some invariants, use an assert
assert x is not None
print(x.upper())